Numerical band gap

ABSTRACT

A system includes a bandgap temperature sensor to generate multiple base-emitter voltages. The system also include a controller to detect the base-emitter voltages generated by the bandgap temperature sensor and to generate a bandgap reference voltage according to the multiple base-emitter voltage signals, the bandgap reference voltage having a voltage level that remains substantially constant relative to environmental temperature variations.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/912,399, filed Apr. 17, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to electronic circuits, and more particularly to numerical band gaps.

BACKGROUND

Many electronic circuits include analog temperature sensors to detect the temperature of their environment. These temperature sensors often supply fixed currents to a pair of diodes or bipolar junction transistors operating with different current densities, and then compare the associated base-emitter voltages V_(BE) to determine an environmental temperature. Although these conventional temperature sensors can determine the temperature of their environment, they typically include analog circuit elements, such as operational amplifiers, which occupy a relatively large area on a chip and consume a relatively large amount of power.

SUMMARY

A device includes a bandgap temperature sensor to generate multiple base-emitter voltages, and a system controller to detect the base-emitter voltages generated by the bandgap temperature sensor and to generate a bandgap reference voltage according to the multiple base-emitter voltages. The bandgap reference voltage can have a voltage level that remains substantially constant relative to a temperature associated with the bandgap temperature sensor.

The system controller can determine a difference in the base-emitter voltages, and to generate the bandgap reference voltage from the difference in the base-emitter voltages and at least one of the base-emitter voltages. The system controller can add the difference in the base-emitter voltages to one of the base-emitter voltages to generate the bandgap reference voltage. The system controller can multiply the difference in the base-emitter voltages to a constant value and then to add the multiplied difference in the base-emitter voltages to one of the base-emitter voltages to generate the bandgap reference voltage. The constant value can be based at least in part on characteristics of the bandgap temperature sensor.

The bandgap temperature sensor includes a variable current source to provide a first current to a transistor to generate a first base-emitter voltage signal, and to provide a second current to the transistor to generate a second base-emitter voltage signal. The device includes an analog-to-digital converter to convert base-emitter voltages into digital base-emitter voltage signals, the system controller to generate the bandgap voltage according to the digital base-emitter voltage signals.

A method includes detecting multiple base-emitter voltages generated by a bandgap temperature sensor, and generating a bandgap reference voltage according to the multiple base-emitter voltage signals, the bandgap reference voltage to remain substantially constant relative to environmental temperature variations.

The method can also include determining a difference in the base-emitter voltages, and generating the bandgap reference voltage from the difference in the base-emitter voltages and at least one of the base-emitter voltages.

The generating of the bandgap reference voltage can include adding the difference in the base-emitter voltages to one of the base-emitter voltages. The generating of the bandgap reference voltage can include multiplying the difference in the base-emitter voltages to a constant value, and adding the multiplied difference in the base-emitter voltages to one of the base-emitter voltages. The constant value can be based at least in part on the characteristics of the bandgap temperature sensor.

The method can include generating a first base-emitter voltage signal when a first current signal is provided to a transistor, generating a second base-emitter voltage signal when a second current signal is provided to the transistor, determining a difference between the first base-emitter voltage signal and the second base-emitter voltage signal, and generating the bandgap reference voltage based, at least in part, on the determined difference between the first base-emitter voltage signal and the second base-emitter voltage signal.

A system includes a memory to store computer-readable instructions, and a microprocessor to receive the instructions stored in memory, the instructions, when executed, cause the microprocessor to identify multiple base-emitter voltages generated by a bandgap temperature sensor, and generate a bandgap reference voltage according to the multiple base-emitter voltage signals, where the bandgap reference voltage having a voltage level that remains substantially constant relative to environmental temperature variations.

The microprocessor can determine a difference in the base-emitter voltages, and generate the bandgap reference voltage from the difference in the base-emitter voltages and at least one of the base-emitter voltages. The base-emitter voltages decrease as the environmental temperature increases, and the difference in the base-emitter voltages increases as the environment temperature increases. The microprocessor can add the difference in the base-emitter voltages to one of the base-emitter voltages to generate the bandgap reference voltage. The microprocessor can multiply the difference in the base-emitter voltages to a constant value, and add the multiplied difference in the base-emitter voltages to one of the base-emitter voltages to generate the bandgap reference voltage. The constant value can be based at least in part on the characteristics of the bandgap temperature sensor.

The bandgap temperature sensor can generate a first base-emitter voltage signal when a first current signal is provided to a transistor and to generate a second base-emitter voltage signal when a second current signal is provided to the transistor. The microprocessor can determine a difference between the first base-emitter voltage signal and the second base-emitter voltage signal, and generate the bandgap reference voltage based, at least in part, on the determined difference between the first base-emitter voltage signal and the second base-emitter voltage signal.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention can be best understood by reading the disclosure with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a bandgap voltage reference system according to embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 2 and 3 are block diagrams of embodiments of a temperature sensor shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is an example chart illustrating a relationship between environmental temperature and voltages of the bandgap voltage reference system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is an example flowchart of the bandgap voltage reference system shown in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A bandgap voltage reference system includes a microprocessor or other controller to generate or numerically build a bandgap voltage reference according to base-emitter voltages detected in a bandgap temperature sensor. Due to the relationship between the base-emitter voltages and an environmental temperature, the bandgap voltage reference can be a temperature flat reference that remains relatively constant as the environmental temperature varies. Embodiments are shown and described below in greater detail.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a bandgap voltage reference system 100 according to embodiments of the invention. Referring to FIG. 1, the bandgap voltage reference system 100 includes a microcontroller 110 to generate, numerically build, or calculate a bandgap voltage reference 140 from multiple base-emitter voltages V_(BE) generated by a temperature sensor 200. The bandgap voltage reference 140 can be a temperature flat reference, for example, having a voltage level that remains substantially constant when there are environmental temperature variations associated with the bandgap voltage reference system 100. In some embodiments, the microcontroller 110 can be a processor, microprocessor, or other controller device capable of generating the bandgap voltage reference 140, or be implemented in firmware, as a discrete set of hardware elements, state machine, or in an on board store, or off board store.

The temperature sensor 200 can generate multiple analog base-emitter voltages V_(BE) signals, for example, by providing one or more currents to at least a pair of diodes having different current densities. The temperature sensor 200 can also generate the analog base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals by sequentially providing one current to a bipolar junction transistor to determine a first analog base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signal and then providing a different current to the bipolar junction transistor to determine a second analog base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signal. Embodiments of the temperature sensor 200 will be described below in greater detail.

The microcontroller 110 can detect or measure the multiple base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals generated by the temperature sensor 200, and generate the bandgap voltage reference 140 according to the multiple base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals. For instance, the microcontroller 110 can determine a difference between the multiple base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals, e.g., calculate a differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE), and then add the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) to at least one of the multiple base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) signals to generate the bandgap voltage reference 140.

Since the multiple base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals have a temperature profile where the voltage level decreases as temperature increases, and the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) has a temperature profile where the voltage level increases as temperature increases, the microcontroller 110 can numerically build or calculate a bandgap voltage reference 140 that is insensitive to environmental temperature fluctuations by adding the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) with at least one of the multiple base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals. In some embodiments, the microcontroller 110 can multiply the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) with a constant value K, for example, according to the characteristics of the temperature sensor 200, prior to adding the adding the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) with at least one of the multiple base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals. The microcontroller 110 can characterize or calibrate the constant value K, for example, during wafer tests or device testing. The constant value K can be stored in a memory 150 for use by the microcontroller 110 in the generation of the bandgap voltage reference 140.

The bandgap voltage reference system 100 includes an analog-to-digital converter 120 to convert the analog base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals into digital base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals and provide the digital base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals to the microcontroller 110. In some embodiments, the analog-to-digital converter 120 can be a passive converter, thus consuming less power and chip area compared with active converters.

The microcontroller 110 can generate a bandgap voltage reference 140 according to the digital base-emitter voltages V_(BE). The microcontroller 110 can generate, calculate or numerically build the bandgap voltage reference 140 by determining a differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) from the multiple digital representations of base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals provided by the analog-to-digital converter 130, and then adding the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) to at least one of the base-emitter voltages V_(BE).

The microcontroller 110 can also utilize the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) that it determines, and the fact that the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) is proportional to an Absolute Temperature (PTAT) value, to sense an environmental temperature value. The microcontroller 110 can use a memory 150 or a look-up table (not shown) to determine the environmental temperature from the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE).

When more than two digital base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals are provided from the analog-to-digital converter 130, the microcontroller 110 can use any number of methods to determine the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE). For instance, the microcontroller 110 can find a difference from any two of the digital base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals and utilize the difference as the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE). In some embodiments, the microcontroller 110 can approximate the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) from the digital base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals by averaging multiple differences of the between the digital base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals or by selecting one of the differences, such as the median difference, as the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE).

The microcontroller 110 can perform operations according to instructions, such as bandgap reference instructions 155, stored in the memory 150. The microcontroller 110 can receive the bandgap reference instructions 155 that, when executed, enable the microcontroller 110 to control the operation of the temperature sensor 200, detect multiple base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals, and generate the bandgap voltage reference 140 according to the detected base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals.

The microcontroller 110 can control operations of the temperature sensor 200 and the analog-to-digital converter 120 with control signals 130. For instance, the microcontroller 110 can select the number of base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals that are generated by the temperature sensor 200 by providing control signals 130 to the temperature sensor 200 via the analog-to-digital converter 120. In some embodiments, the analog-to-digital converter 120 can convert the control signals 130 from the microcontroller 110 into analog control signals 130 to control the temperature sensor 200. The microcontroller 110 can also control the operation, and/or timing of the analog-to-digital converter 120. Although FIG. 1 includes a temperature sensor 200, in some embodiments, any device that generates a base-emitter voltage can be used to determine the bandgap voltage reference 140.

FIGS. 2 and 3 are block diagrams of embodiments of a temperature sensor shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 2, the temperature sensor 200 includes a pair of current sources 210 and 220 to provide respective currents I₁ and I₀ to a corresponding pair of diodes 230 and 240. The pair of diodes 230 and 240 can have base-emitter voltages V_(BE) that correspond to the magnitude of current provided to it by the respective current sources 210 and 220. For instance, current source 210 can provide current I₁ to diode 230 with a current density J₁, and current source 220 can provide current I₀ to diode 240 with a current density J₀. The current sources 210 and 220 can generate the respective currents I₁ and I₀ according to a power supply voltage 250.

The diodes 230 and 240 generate base-emitter voltages responsive to receiving the currents I₁ and I₀ from the current sources 210 and 220, respectively. The base-emitter voltages can be measured, for example, by the microcontroller 110, at sampling nodes 270 and 280, shown as node A and node B, respectively. The measured or sampled base-emitter voltages from sampling nodes 270 and 280 can be transferred or provided to the microcontroller 110 for use in determining the bandgap voltage reference 140.

The temperature sensor 200 includes selectors 260 to selectively provide the currents I₁ and I₀ from the current sources 210 and 220 to the respective diodes 230 and 240. The selectors 260 can receive control signals 130 from the microcontroller 110 that prompt the selectors 260 to open blocking current being provided to at least one of the diodes 230 and 240, or close allowing current to reach at least one of the diodes 230 and 240. In some embodiments, the selectors 260 can be multiplexors that select between the currents I₁ and I₀ from the current sources 210 and 220, and another input, such as a ground voltage responsive to the control signals 130.

Referring to FIG. 3, the temperature sensor 300 can include a variable current source 310 to provide current to a transistor 330. The variable current source 310 can have a plurality of fixed current sources I₀-I_(N) that can be coupled in a current mirror configuration. The variable current source 310 can include any number of fixed current sources capable of generating any magnitude of current. The transistor 330 can be a bipolar junction transistor having a base-emitter voltage V_(BE) that corresponds to the magnitude of current provided to it by the variable current source 310.

The variable current source 310 provides current to the transistor 330, which generates an analog base-emitter voltage responsive to the current. This analog base-emitter voltage is then provided to the microcontroller 110 after conversion by analog-to-digital converter 120. The variable current source 310 can then provide another current, with a different magnitude, to the transistor 330, which generates another analog base-emitter voltage responsive to the new current. After receiving the new base-emitter voltage, the microcontroller 110 is capable of determining the differential base-emitter voltage and thus the environmental temperature for the system 100.

The variable current source 310 can generate and provide current to a switch network 320. The switch network 320 can be adapted to selectively couple the transistor 330 to the variable current source 310, or to one or more of the plurality of fixed current sources I₀-I_(N).

The switch network 320 can provide current from the variable current source 310 to the transistor 330, which generates an analog base-emitter voltage V_(BE). The analog base-emitter voltage V_(BE) can be provided to the analog-to-digital converter 120 for conversion into a digital base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signal. The digital base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signal can be provided to the microcontroller 110 for further processing. This process, of the variable current source 310 generating a current that is provided to the transistor 330 via the network switch 320, is then repeated with at least one different current magnitude. The number of base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals that the temperature sensor 300 generates and the currents utilized to generate them can be programmable or controllable depending on the resolution and granularity requirements for the bandgap voltage reference system 100.

In some embodiments, the one or more of the fixed current sources I₀-I_(N) can be selected during the generation of a first base-emitter voltage, and subsequently select one or more of the fixed current sources I₀-I_(N) during the generation of a second or any other base-emitter voltage. A current ratio larger than 1 can be maintained between the current utilized to generate the first base-emitter voltage and at least one of the second or subsequent base-emitter voltages. This current ratio can ensure the temperature sensing system 100 determines a large ΔV_(BE), and thus generates a linear variation in temperature.

The temperature sensor 300 includes a sampling node 350, shown as a combined node A/B. The microcontroller 110 can measure or sample the base-emitter voltages at the sampling node 350 after a selected current is provided to the transistor 330. In some embodiments, the measured or sampled base-emitter voltages from sampling node 350 can be transferred or provided to the microcontroller 110 for use in determining the bandgap voltage reference 140.

FIG. 4 is an example chart illustrating a relationship between environmental temperature and base-emitter voltages of the bandgap voltage reference system 100 shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 4, the chart shows temperature profiles for base-emitter voltages V_(BE), differential base emitter voltages ΔV_(BE), and the bandgap reference voltage 140. The base-emitter voltages V_(BE) generated by the temperature sensor 200 (or 300) have a temperature profile where their voltage level decreases as an environmental temperature increases. The differential base-emitter voltage. ΔV_(BE) has a temperature profile with a voltage level increasing as the environmental temperature increases. The bandgap voltage reference 140 can be a temperature flat reference, or having a voltage level that remains substantially constant over a temperature range. In some embodiments, the microcontroller 110 can generate the bandgap voltage reference 140 by adding the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE), or a multiple thereof, with at least one of the base-emitter voltages V_(BE).

FIG. 5 is an example flowchart of the bandgap voltage reference system shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 5, the flowchart begins at block 510 by detecting multiple base-emitter voltages V_(BE) generated by a bandgap temperature sensor. In some embodiments, the band gap temperature sensor can generate multiple analog base-emitter voltages V_(BE), for example, by providing one or more currents to at least a pair of diodes having different current densities. The temperature sensor can also generate the analog base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signals by sequentially providing one current to a bipolar junction transistor to determine a first analog base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signal and then providing a different current to the bipolar junction transistor to determine a second analog base-emitter voltage V_(BE) signal.

In some embodiments, the microcontroller 110 can detect or measure a voltage level of the base-emitter voltages V_(BE) generated by the temperature sensor. The detected base-emitter voltages V_(BE) can be provided to the microcontroller 110 from the temperature sensor, for example, via an analog-to-digital converter 120. The analog-to-digital converter 120 can convert the base-emitter voltages V_(BE) to digital representations of the base-emitter voltages V_(BE) and provide them to the microcontroller 110.

The flowchart continues to block 520 and determines a difference in the base-emitter voltages. In some embodiments, the microcontroller 110 can determine the difference between multiple base-emitter voltages V_(BE) to generate a differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE). The number of base-emitter voltage V_(BE) the microcontroller 110 utilizes to generate the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) can be variable. For instance, the microcontroller 110 can generate the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) by determining a difference between two base-emitter voltages V_(BE).

The flowchart continues to block 530 and multiplies the difference in the base-emitter voltages to a constant value K. The constant value K can be based at least in part on the characteristics of the bandgap temperature sensor. In some embodiments, the constant value K is around 20, which can be proportional to the voltage levels of the differential base-emitter voltage ΔV_(BE) and base-emitter voltages V_(BE). The microcontroller 110 can characterize or calibrate the constant value K, for example, during wafer tests or device testing. The constant value K can be stored in a memory 150 for use by the microcontroller 110 in the generation of the bandgap voltage reference 140.

The flowchart continues to block 540 and generates a bandgap voltage reference 140 by adding the difference in the base-emitter voltages ΔV_(BE) multiplied by the constant value K to at least one of the base-emitter voltages V_(BE). The bandgap voltage reference 140 can be a temperature flat reference, e.g., having a voltage level that remains substantially constant relative to environmental temperature variations.

Although FIG. 5 discloses a microcontroller 110 capable of performing the operations in the flowchart, in some embodiments, any controller can perform one or more of the flowchart operations. In some embodiments, the controller can be a processor, microprocessor, firmware, a discrete set of hardware elements, state machine, on-board or off-board store, or other controller device capable of generating the bandgap voltage reference 140. FIG. 5 also discloses utilizing temperature sensor 200 to generate the base-emitter voltages, however, in some embodiments, any device can generate the base-emitter voltages used to determine the bandgap voltage reference 140.

One of skill in the art will recognize that the concepts taught herein can be tailored to a particular application in many other advantageous ways. In particular, those skilled in the art will recognize that the illustrated embodiments are but one of many alternative implementations that will become apparent upon reading this disclosure.

The preceding embodiments are exemplary. Although the specification can refer to “an”, “one”, “another”, or “some” embodiment(s) in several locations, this does not necessarily mean that each such reference is to the same embodiment(s), or that the feature only applies to a single embodiment. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A device comprising: a bandgap temperature sensor configured to generate a selected number of base-emitter voltages responsive to receiving a request to generate the selected number of base-emitter voltages; and a system controller configured to: select the number of selected base-emitter voltages to be generated responsive to a desired resolution of a bandgap reference voltage, receive the selected number of base-emitter voltages generated by the bandgap temperature sensor, and generate the bandgap reference voltage according to the selected number of base-emitter voltages, the bandgap reference voltage remaining substantially constant relative to a temperature associated with the bandgap temperature sensor.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the system controller is further configured to determine at least one difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages, and to generate the bandgap reference voltage from the at least one difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages and at least one of the selected number of base-emitter voltages.
 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the system controller is further configured to add the at least one difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages to one of the selected number of base-emitter voltages to generate the bandgap reference voltage.
 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the system controller is further configured to multiply the at least one difference in the base-emitter voltages to a constant value and to add a multiplied difference to one of the selected number of base-emitter voltages to generate the bandgap reference voltage.
 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the constant value is based at least in part on a measured characteristic of the bandgap temperature sensor.
 6. The device of claim 1 wherein the bandgap temperature sensor includes a variable current source configured to provide a first current to a transistor to generate a first base emitter voltage, and to provide a second current to the transistor to generate a second base-emitter voltage.
 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the selected number of base emitter voltages into digital base-emitter voltage signals, wherein the system controller is configured to generate the bandgap voltage responsive to the digital base-emitter voltage signals.
 8. A method comprising: detecting a selected number of base-emitter voltages generated by a bandgap temperature sensor, the selected number of base-emitter voltages controllable in relation to a desired resolution or granularity of a bandgap reference voltage; and generating the bandgap reference voltage according to the selected number of base-emitter voltages, the bandgap reference voltage remaining substantially constant relative to environmental temperature variations of the bandgap temperature sensor.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: determining a difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages; and generating the bandgap reference voltage from the difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages and at least one of the selected number of base-emitter voltages.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the generating the bandgap reference voltage includes adding the difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages to one of the selected number of base-emitter voltages.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the generating the bandgap reference voltage includes: multiplying the difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages with a constant value; and adding the multiplied difference to one of the selected number of base emitter voltages.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the constant value is based at least in part on a measured characteristic of the bandgap temperature sensor.
 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising: generating a first base-emitter voltage responsive to a first current being provided to a transistor; generating a second base-emitter voltage responsive to a second current being provided to the transistor; determining a difference between the first base-emitter voltage and the second base-emitter voltage; and generating the bandgap reference voltage based, at least in part, on the determined difference between the first base-emitter voltage and the second base-emitter voltage.
 14. A system comprising: a memory configured to store computer-executable instructions; and a microprocessor configured to execute the computer-executable instructions stored in the memory, the computer-executable instructions when executed by the microprocessor, cause the microprocessor to: receive a selected number of base-emitter voltages generated by a bandgap temperature sensor, the selected number of base-emitter voltages controllable in relation to a desired resolution of a bandgap reference voltage; and generate the bandgap reference voltage responsive to the selected number of base-emitter voltages, the bandgap reference voltage remaining substantially constant relative to environmental temperature variations of the bandgap temperature sensor.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the microprocessor is operable to determine a difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages, and generate the bandgap reference voltage from the difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages and at least one of the selected number of base-emitter voltages.
 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the base-emitter voltages decrease as the environmental temperature increases, and the difference increases as the environment temperature increases.
 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the microprocessor is operable to add the difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages to one of the selected number of base-emitter voltages to generate the bandgap reference voltage.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the microprocessor is operable to multiply the difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages to a constant, and add the multiplied difference in the selected number of base-emitter voltages to one of the selected number of base-emitter voltages to generate the bandgap reference voltage.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the constant is determined based at least in part on a measured characteristic of the bandgap temperature sensor.
 20. The system of claim 14, further comprising: a bandgap temperature sensor configured to generate a first base-emitter voltage when a first current is provided to a transistor and to generate a second base-emitter voltage when a second current is provided to the transistor; and wherein the microprocessor is caused to determine a difference between the first base-emitter voltage and the second base-emitter voltage, and generate the bandgap reference voltage using the determined difference between the first base-emitter voltage and the second base-emitter voltage. 